When the specified length of the stream is larger than the actual one, Adobe throws errors and removes the image.

Workaround:

Set the format provider settings:

PdfFormatProvider provider = new PdfFormatProvider();
PdfExportSettings exportSettings = new PdfExportSettings();
exportSettings.ContentsDeflaterCompressionLevel = 9;
exportSettings.ImagesDeflaterCompressionLevel = 9;
provider.ExportSettings = exportSettings;