The field filters in the DataGridNumericalFilterControl of DataGridNumericalColumn are using RadNumericBox controls for the input visuals. By default RadNumericBox is limited to values between 0 and 100, which means you cannot enter values outside of this range.
To work this around, you can re-template the DataGridNumericalFilterControl in order to set the Minimum and Maximum properties of the RadNumericBox element to NaN.
<Application
x:Class="App3.App"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:local="using:App3" xmlns:telerikDataGrid="using:Telerik.UI.Xaml.Controls.Grid.Primitives" xmlns:telerikInput="using:Telerik.UI.Xaml.Controls.Input">
<Application.Resources>
<ResourceDictionary>
<ResourceDictionary.MergedDictionaries>
<XamlControlsResources xmlns="using:Microsoft.UI.Xaml.Controls" />
<ResourceDictionary Source="ms-appx:///Telerik.WinUI.Controls/Themes/Generic.xaml"/>
</ResourceDictionary.MergedDictionaries>
<Style TargetType="telerikDataGrid:DataGridNumericalFilterControl">
<Setter Property="Template">
<Setter.Value>
<ControlTemplate TargetType="telerikDataGrid:DataGridNumericalFilterControl">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<ComboBox x:Name="PART_OperatorCombo"
HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
ItemsSource="{Binding OperatorsList}"
SelectedItem="{Binding FilterDescriptor.Operator, Mode=TwoWay, Converter={StaticResource FilterOperatorConverter}}"
DisplayMemberPath="DisplayText">
</ComboBox>
<telerikInput:RadNumericBox x:Name="PART_ValueBox"
Minimum="NaN"
Maximum="NaN"
HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
Value="{Binding FilterDescriptor.Value, Mode=TwoWay}"
Grid.Row="1" Margin="0 10 0 0"/>
</Grid>
</ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>
</Setter>
</Style>
</ResourceDictionary>
</Application.Resources>
</Application>